Link: Technology Review: Outward Bound for Robots.
Researchers at the University of Southern California and the Ecole Polytechnique Federale de Lausanne are developing a computer navigation system that can simultaneously explore and navigate new terrain. The challenge is to develop a map while at the same time localizing oneself in that map. The approach is based on how we navigate, using 'place' cells within the hippocampus. The robotic navigation system processes sensor inputs to develop a "fingerprint" of the surroundings based on significant features and their specific combination.
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